When parents hear the word “cancer”, especially in relation to their child, it can feel overwhelming and frightening. While childhood cancer is relatively rare, understanding which types are most common can help you recognise early warning signs and seek timely medical intervention.
In India, approximately 50,000 children are diagnosed with cancer every year, accounting for nearly 3 to 4% of all cancer cases nationwide. The good news is that with early detection and the right treatment, many childhood cancers are highly treatable.
At Dr Kriti’s clinic, we are committed to guiding families through this journey with expert care, clear communication, and compassionate support.
This guide will help you understand the most prevalent childhood cancers, their symptoms, and what treatment options are available in India.
Leukaemia: The Most Common Childhood Cancer
Leukaemia is the most common childhood cancer in India, accounting for 30 to 40% of all Pediatric cancer cases. This blood cancer starts in the bone marrow, where blood cells are produced, and affects both red and white blood cells.
There are two main types of leukaemia in children:
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL): This is the most common form, particularly affecting children between ages 2 to 6 years. ALL accounts for 60-85% of all childhood leukaemias in India.
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML): Less common but more aggressive, AML requires intensive treatment protocols.
Early Warning Signs of Leukaemia
Watch for these persistent symptoms:
✓ Unexplained fatigue and weakness
✓ Frequent infections or prolonged fever
✓ Pale skin or anaemia
✓ Easy bruising or prolonged bleeding from minor cuts
✓ Frequent nosebleeds
✓ Bone or joint pain
✓ Swollen lymph nodes
If your child exhibits several of these symptoms for more than two weeks, consider consulting our Pediatric oncologist immediately.
Brain and Central Nervous System Tumours
Brain tumours are the second most common childhood cancer, representing approximately 26% of Pediatric cancer cases. These tumours vary widely in type, location, and severity.
The most common types include medulloblastomas, gliomas, and ependymomas. Since the brain controls so many body functions, symptoms depend heavily on where the tumour is located.
Recognising Brain Tumour Symptoms
Watch for these warning signs:
✓ Persistent headaches, especially in the morning
✓ Recurrent vomiting without stomach illness
✓ Vision problems or double vision
✓ Balance and coordination difficulties
✓ Seizures with no previous history
✓ Changes in behaviour or personality
✓ Developmental delays or regression
Important note: The average age for childhood cancer diagnosis varies by type. Brain tumours can occur at any age but are particularly concerning in children under 10 years.
Lymphomas: Cancer of the Lymphatic System
Lymphomas are the third most common group of childhood cancers. These cancers affect the lymphatic system, which is crucial for immunity.
There are two main types:
Hodgkin Lymphoma: More common in adolescents and teenagers Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL): Often affects younger children
Key Symptoms Include:
✓ Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, or groin
✓ Unexplained fever lasting more than two weeks
✓ Night sweats
✓ Unintended weight loss
✓ Difficulty breathing or chest pain
Other Common Childhood Cancers in India
Neuroblastoma
This cancer develops from immature nerve cells and primarily affects children under 5 years. It often starts near the adrenal glands. Look for abdominal swelling, bone pain, or unusual lumps under the skin.
Wilms Tumour (Kidney Cancer)
Wilms tumour is the most common kidney cancer in children, typically diagnosed between ages 3 to 4. The main symptom is a noticeable swelling or lump in the abdomen.
Retinoblastoma (Eye Cancer)
This rare eye cancer affects children under 5 years. The telltale sign is a white glow in the pupil when photographed with flash, sometimes called “cat’s eye reflex.”
Bone Cancers
What is the most common Pediatric bone cancer? Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent bone cancer in children, typically affecting adolescents during growth spurts. Ewing sarcoma is the second most common type.
What Causes Childhood Cancer?
Unlike adult cancers, childhood cancers are rarely linked to lifestyle or environmental factors. Most occur due to:
✓ Random genetic mutations during cell division
✓ Inherited genetic conditions (rare)
✓ Certain congenital disorders
The most prevalent forms appear during early childhood because cancer cells grow rapidly in developing bodies.
Treatment Options for Childhood Cancer in India
Treatment depends on the cancer type, stage, and your child’s overall health. Common approaches include:
✓ Chemotherapy – The primary treatment for most childhood cancers
✓ Surgery – To remove solid tumours
✓ Radiation Therapy – Used for certain brain tumours and solid cancers
✓ Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) – For high-risk or relapsed cases
✓ Immunotherapy and Cellular Therapies – Advanced treatments for specific cancer types
Dr Kriti Hegde specialises in all these treatment modalities, with advanced training in bone marrow transplantation and cellular therapies from leading centres in India and the UK.
Why Early Detection Matters
The key to successful childhood cancer treatment is early detection. Many symptoms can be mistaken for common childhood illnesses, which is why persistent or worsening symptoms should never be ignored.
In India, survival rates for childhood cancers are improving significantly. With access to specialised care and advanced treatments, many children go on to lead healthy, normal lives after treatment.
When Should You See a Pediatric Oncologist?
Consult a specialist if your child experiences:
✓ Symptoms lasting more than two weeks
✓ Unexplained lumps or swellings
✓ Persistent fever without clear cause
✓ Unusual bruising or bleeding
✓ Severe or worsening headaches
✓ Vision or balance problems
✓ Sudden changes in behaviour or development
Remember: Most of these symptoms are NOT cancer. However, only a qualified Pediatric oncologist can properly evaluate and diagnose your child.
Expert Care from Dr Kriti Hegde
Dr Kriti Hegde is a leading Pediatric oncologist in Mumbai, offering comprehensive care for all types of childhood cancers. With specialised expertise in Pediatric brain tumours and advanced training in bone marrow transplantation from renowned centres in India and the UK, Dr Hegde provides:
✓ Personalised treatment plans tailored to each child
✓ Holistic multidisciplinary care addressing medical, emotional, and psychological needs
✓ Access to cutting-edge treatments including cellular therapies
✓ Compassionate support for the entire family throughout the treatment journey
Her approach combines clinical excellence with deep empathy, recognising that treating childhood cancer requires addressing not just the disease, but the whole child and their family.
Take the Next Step
If you’re concerned about your child’s symptoms or need expert consultation for a childhood cancer diagnosis, don’t wait. Early intervention can significantly improve treatment outcomes.
Schedule a consultation with Dr Kriti Hegde today to discuss your concerns and explore the best treatment options for your child.
Contact & Consultation
Call +91 8450909323 to book an appointment or visit Dr Kriti’s clinic in Mumbai. Please bring previous medical reports, note your concerns, and our team will guide you through evaluation, diagnosis, and next steps in care.